The Economic Origins of the French Revolution - 2747 Words

The inflated opinion the French monarchy had about themselves and other nobles lent itself to how they contributed to and handled the economic downturn in France for centuries prior to the French Revolution. Forming the foundation of many of France’s financial issues, the monarchial system granted royals and the nobles who surrounded them the ability to feel as if they are intended to be superior to the rest of France, a mentality that would last until the French Revolution began. With this monarchial system, each king of France from 1610 to 1789 would contribute in both positive and negative ways, depending greatly on the Chief Ministers they appointed. [ADD] Marking a significant beginning stage of the economic downturn was the Seven†¦show more content†¦One of Richelieu’s main areas of focus was with the country’s military forces and wars, as he wanted to expand and modernize the French Navy, while he is also credited with beginning the legacy of French Kings being involved in unnecessary wars. Despite having been mentored by Richelieu, Cardinal Jules Mazarin as Chief Minister for both Louis XIII, following the death of Richelieu, and Louis XIV was not interested in economic or cultural development. Due to his lack of interest in such developments, Mazarin encouraged the appointment of Nicolas Fouquet as Superintendent of Finances, however, King Louis XIV eventually imprisoned Fouquet after eight years in the position. His imprisonment is relatively ironic, as it was a punishment for Fouquet’s overt extravagance, which would be an issue that plagued Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI until the French Revolut ion. Four years following Mazarin’s death and Fouquet’s imprisonment in 1661, Jean-Baptiste Colbert assumed the position of Minister of Finances under Louis XIV. Colbert’s eighteen years in office were productive, as he would encourage the development of colonies belonging to France, such as Quebec and Louisiana, realizing the potential of using them to create an economically self-sufficient unit within France. Colbert would also promote industry with the use of tariffs, subsidies and otherShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1471 Words   |  6 Pagespower. Power now in the hands of the people. Through bloodshed, the radical actions of the French Revolution sparked by philosophies of Enlightenment, will impact the future. Historical figures such as Robespierre heading the Great Assembly will drive change in culture through the revolution, in hopes of achieving enlightened societies. The 18th century marks the beginning of modern history. The F rench revolution playing a role in furthering Enlightenment, will led to a chain of events that will changeRead MoreEdmund Burke and Thomas Paine: A Comparative Analysis of Their Views on the French Revolution913 Words   |  4 PagesEdmund Burke and Thomas Paine differed strongly on their views of the French revolution and the wisdom of the proceedings of the French National Assembly in 1789-90. In his book Reflections on the Revolution in France the conservative Edmund Burke argued that the concept of universal human rights that applied internationally across all societies was a meaningless abstraction that was subversive of social order, while in The Rights of Man the radical democrat Thomas Paine insisted that all human beingsRead MoreEssay on Causes and Effects of The French Revolution1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was a time of great social, political and economic tumult in the closing years of the Eighteenth Century. The motivators pushing French citizenry toward revolution are varied in scope and origin. They range from immediate economic woes to an antiquarian class structure. Modern historians still debate the value of the changes that the revolution brought to modern society. The middle class made gains that would never be rescinded, but do revolutions always end in tyranny? In theRead MoreThe Debate On The French Revolution Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesDebate on the French Revolution For the French Revolution, the historians are mainly entangled in the debate between two different interpretations. The Marxists recognize the French Revolution as the conflict between the old order (feudal system) and the modern society. On the other hand, the revisionists consider the French Revolution as essentially a political revolution, instead of a bourgeois revolution. From my perspective, the French Revolution is a combined consequence of both economic and politicalRead MoreOrigins Of The Twin Revolutions1287 Words   |  6 Pages–Ibrahim Bilal History 3005 December 1, 2015 What were the origins of the â€Å"twin revolutions† and how did they combine to create what we call â€Å"modernity†? Modernity, it is a macro process of transition from traditional to modern society. â€Å"Formation of a modern political map of the world began in early 1800 in Western Europe and maybe characterized as the product of the twin revolutions.† European colonization of the New World, the economic and political development of new territories led to significantRead MoreThe French Revolution And The 19th Century871 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution took place in the late 18th century which undermined the traditional monarchy of France as well as the hereditary aristocracy. The Enlightenment was an important origin of the French Revolution as people wanted the government to provide natural rights to individuals. They did not seek a violent revolution, however so individuals had strong beliefs in the Enlightenment ideas which led to a revolt. A few important factors had a major impact on the origin of the revolution includingRead MoreThe Political Landscape Of France 1367 Words   |  6 PagesEnlightenment. The economic and military gains made by Louis XIV, the Sun King, ultimately crippled the country later when the Estates General failed to overthrow the French government democratically and peacefully. Two great thinkers, Baron de Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, both paved the way for the French and other Enlightenment revolutions during the 18th and 19th centuries. Although neither of the men saw the manifestations of their ideas in the American or French Revolutions, their influenceRead MoreThe French Revolution By Andre Castelot1069 Words   |  5 PagesThe source’s origin is of value because it was written by a prominent French writer and Historian, Andrà © Castelot. Castelot has written numerous biographies of famous monarchs, many of them being monarchs. The fact that the History Award was created in his honor to reward popular books or historical novels suggests his prominent writing and importance. This source is also valuable because its purpose is to analyze Marie Antoinette’s contribution to the French Revolution. It looks at her social life—includingRead MoreEssay on Revolution as a Product of the Enlightenment Period1070 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is a revolution? Revolution is defined, is the overthrow of one government with replacement of another. We are all familiar with the phrase â€Å"history repeats itself† over and over each in very different situations. The same can be said about the American and French Revolutions however these two revolutions end in very different situations. Both the American Revolution, (1775 -1783) and the French Revolution (1789 -1799) were the products of Enlightenment ideals that struck a large populationRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Enlightenment The Main Driving Force Behind The American And French Revolutions?1479 Words   |  6 Pagesfocuses on the causes of Atlantic Revolutions and will explore the question: To what extent was the Enlightenment the main driving force behind the American and French Revolutions? The years 1685 to 1815 (Strayer, 2011) will be the focus of this investigation to allow for an analysis of the Enlightenment ideas’ impact the need for governmental change in the American colonies and France during the eighteenth century, as well as their governmental influences post-revolutions. †¯ The first source which

Persistence and Qualitative Change - 837 Words

Persistence and qualitative change The metaphysical idea of and object persisting over time brings rise to a lot of debate on how we can properly identify a thing as it experiences qualitative change over time. The main issue that arises when talking about persistence over time is whether we can identify the initial thing we are observing as a different entity as time progresses and it undergoes qualitative change. For example is some thing we identify as â€Å"x†, that goes through a qualitative change at time T1, the same as the thing â€Å"x† at time T2 after the change was implemented. There are many different views on this topic and I will introduce three of them and then select the one I think is most probable. The first view is the†¦show more content†¦My initial thoughts about this is that is similar to a mathematical function were you can get a y-value (current state) for every x-value (position in time) and that you only get to see the whole function when you graph all x,y â€Å"rela tions†. Also the direction of the graph can change (qualitative Change) depending on the function. The three problems that arise with this theory is the assumption that the notion of time is non-existent and that a thing can never represent itself at any one time because by the very definition of this theory it would be insufficient in representing itself. The time issue is a consequence of a thing not being a whole thing unless it’s dispersed over time therefor a thing is only itself when time is one â€Å"frame†. Using algebra to explain what I mean I can say that an object â€Å"Q† is equal to Q only when the sum of all times â€Å"t† is equal to 1 because Q is equal to the sum of all Q’s corresponding to all times â€Å"t†. The third issue is that it denies that anything changes (by our definition of change as a function of time) because it denies that time is ongoing. This theory is not empirically supported because obviously we see time as being ongoing and infinite also it is an overly complicated explanation for what we seek. The last theory is called the no persistence theory and it states that an object â€Å"x† does not persist through timeShow MoreRelatedThe Purpose Of This Qualitative Study Is To Identify The1463 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of this qualitative study is to identify the social and academic factors that assist African American males in their persistence at a PWI which allowed them to be successful or may have hindered them. By using a qualitative approach, the researcher will be able to gather data that will reflect the unique experiences of the participants. Even though African American males attending colleges have increased, there narratives and experiences may be different than others. Qualitative methods canRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative research is scientific research based on something that cannot be correctly and precisely measured (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Services Ebling Library, 2016 ). Qualitative research is biased and uses preliminary reasoning to combine data (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Services Ebling Library, 2016). Qualitative research establishes theories to help explain the phenomena while focusing on the experiences and opinions of all study subjects (Verhoef Casebeer, 1997)Read MoreThe Theory Of Self And Memory1598 Words   |  7 Pagesarguably remain, a major area of debate and discussion amongst philosophers, both in Western and Eastern branches of academia. Indeed, this idea that personal identity- more commonly referred to as â€Å"the self†- remains constant, despite any and all qualitative changes that can occur to a person, has left many philosophers ever so puzzled. Nevertheless, four main theories have been developed in an effort to best explain both the existence of the self and how it can persist through any period of time. SomeRead MoreAnalysis Of Student Performance1552 Words   |  7 Pagesreports to inform system c hange. Research Design This study will be conducted utilizing a mixed methodology. Quantitative research will involve the analysis of data specific to on-track indicators: GPA and attendance rate. These indicators will be collected for each individual for each term of their high school career. The consistencies and fluctuations in on-track rate will be analyzed against their graduation occurance, timeliness, college acceptance, enrollment and persistence. Additionally, freshmanRead MoreIntervention Programs ( Anjour )787 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant, students entering college for the first time encounter significant changes from those encountered in high school as the academic demands are usually more rigorous. In addition, some freshman students struggle with academic success, which impacts persistence; therefore, early intervention programs should be considered. According to Vanthournout, Coertjens, Donche, and Van Petegem (2012), student academic persistence is an expected outcome of early interve ntion programs. Learning MethodsRead MoreNet Map : A Four Stage Iterative Approach1525 Words   |  7 Pagesalso incorporates actors perceived influence. Here, NGO 1 is perceived to have the highest influence, then Government agency 1, Private 2 then NGO 2 and Private 1. Step 4 The next step of Net-Map is network analysis. This is done through both a qualitative narration and quantitative approach, with the former revealing patterns of the network and the latter using different network measurements (as explained previously). The observations raise additional questions for further investigation. This concludesRead MoreInvestigating Strategic Measures For The Retention Success982 Words   |  4 Pagesproficiency, their level of collaboration with one another is once in a while bargained. Such gatherings may experience issues functioning admirably with one another as they may be regionally and unwilling to collaborate. This study begins the qualitative methodology of analyzing the use and force of institutional effort devoted to strategies and practices and the potential associations between these hierarchical structures and student outcomes at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. UNCPRead MoreEssay on Qualitative Analysis Critique1343 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative Research Critique There are many differences between quantitative and qualitative research. Such things like: quantitative research provides only variables that can predict specific results but it does not tell us very much about how the variables affect an individual’s life course. Qualitative research adversely provides an enriched understanding of characteristics, qualities, attributes, and environmental factors affecting life events. Qualitative analysis can give understandingRead MoreChange Management Simulation Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesand colleagues. I accurately completed my task, but not in the ideal way. It took 96 weeks for me to persuade people, which was neither more nor less than the predicted deadline. This means that my work should have a lot of spaces to improve. My Change Efficiency Ratio was 0.21 which means I convinced 20 people in 96 weeks. 7 people were aware of my assertion during the first week; the first adopter, not including myself, appeared in week 14. I conducted private interviews with Henry Adams, PaulRead MoreCommunity Concerns And Goals : Observance Of Low Group Moral Prompted1664 Words   |  7 Pagesout of state members, IT head, and administrative staff, to gain insight into perspective concerns and generate goals. A public relations technique was used to target elected officials, which produced more concerns due their lack of response. Persistence over time was used to keep the issue constantly on the minds and hearts of community members. Social media posts were also created to generate momentum and reach members due to time constraints and logistics. A meeting agenda item request was

Emerging Issues free essay sample

Emerging Issues Paper In today’s society emerging issues in multiculturalism are affecting people in new ways. Professionals in the health care industry are facing new challenges and are realizing the changes they need to make to continue to help those in need. Individuals are changing as well and becoming uniquely multicultural themselves. These issues affect society and how culturally diverse groups interact but still allow them to live together and share each others experiences. CounselingProfessionals face the issue of how to have successful practices when they are working with clients from so many different backgrounds. Psychologist, counselors, and mental health care professionals are in an ever-changing and demanding position dealing with such a multicultural society and the issues each culture faces. Counseling and therapy for individuals from different cultures can be challenging for today’s professionals because not only are today’s issues ever-changing but so are the cultural views and backgrounds. We will write a custom essay sample on Emerging Issues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cultures are becoming intertwined especially here in the United States and professionals are facing new issues helping individuals deal with problems related to possessing several cultures and backgrounds. Professionals should have a comfortable understanding of their own cultural beliefs and backgrounds before trying to understand the beliefs and issues of others. Once a Professional is comfortable and understands his own beliefs, he can then learn about the beliefs and values of other cultures without casting judgment or having a close mind with his clients. If counselors lack sufficient training in multicultural counseling it is likely that they also lack the skills to deal with ethical issues presented by clients with multicultural backgrounds† (Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2003, p. 1). Professionals today face the issue of differences in culture and race. Members of the same race have different cultural beliefs and practices so it may be easy for a professional to become confused about a person and his culture if they are viewing the person by their race.For example, the Hispanic race has different cultures including Mexican, Cuban, and Puerto Rican. The professional needs to gather detailed information to understand each client and his individual needs. Professionals with a lack of knowledge on multicultural issues can lead to negative outcomes such as a misdiagnosis or a client feeling misunderstood. This issue can have an impact on our entire society if professionals are not fully trained and capable of dealing with today’s multicultural issues.If clients are not being properly treated their entire lives can be affected, which can affect the lives of their families and their communities. Professionals should also understand counseling practices throughout the world to better help clients with treatment. Understanding these practices can help clients to interact with diverse groups by allowing them to understand other cultures as well. Multicultural Identity Multiculturalism is very apparent in the United States today; most people enjoy and accept the fact that they have several cultures within their own family.Today multicultural families not only have issues with their own identities but also they must raise strong, secure, and multicultural children. The amazing thing about the United States is that people are free to express themselves and become independent. This freedom allows cultures to explore and express their traditions and practices without others looking down on them. Not to say that racism and discrimination is not apparent in the United States because it is, but most people living here have an understanding that we are in a multicultural society.Technology has had a large affect on multiculturalism and allows people to better understand themselves and others as well. â€Å"Accompanying the growth of human communication has been the erosion of barriers that have, throughout history, geographically, linguistically, and culturally separated people† (Adler, 2002, p. 1). Some individuals may find growing up with a multicultural family can be confusing, whereas others may see this diversity as a blessing and exciting.The multicultural person may sometimes feel as though he cannot specifically identify himself with one race or culture but with the right sources he can receive help on his unique needs. The multicultural person will have an easier time interacting with other culturally diverse groups because he already has an understanding of his unique needs. Conclusion Counseling and multicultural identity are both emerging issues in multicultural psychology. These issues will continuously change as our society changes and incorporates new ideas and beliefs and although these issues can be challenging, they can be rewarding as well.

Labour Regulation in The Clean Air Act

Introduction A law regarding labor finds its approval from the state legislature or congress. At the local level, this law is usually termed as an ordinance. Such laws are either based on the chronological facts relating to period passed or according to topic. This paper serves to explain the more on the Clean Air Act enacted and reinforced by the Federal government.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labour Regulation in The Clean Air Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Select one labor statute or regulation at the federal, state or local level, which you find, of interest The Clean Air Act came into being following a legislation passed by the American congress in 1970. This Act was tailored to ensure that all American citizens have breathing air that is pollutant-free. Despite its concern to keep the environment from air pollution effects, this law majorly focused on Public health protection. Several amendment ha ve been passed on this Act, with the first taking effect in 1977 and another which sought to specify new strategies for cleaning up the air and extend deadlines for legal actions in 1990.in the face of all this, the laws original framework and its attached public health objectives have never changed (Lipton, 2006). Describe the objective of the statute or regulation including the number of the particular law or regulation; provide at least one example of how an organization has implemented the statute The clean air Act was passed with the major objective of protecting the American citizens from pollutants that include Ozone (smog), sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide and particulate soot. The state government sought to work out a clean-up strategy that will meet the health standards outlined. In addition, this law sought to empower the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which sets standards regarding new sources of air pollution such as power plants, automobi les and trucks. In this respect, section 109 of Clean Air acts provides that the EPA shall publish National Ambient Quality Standards paying attention on specific pollutants. Here, the health and welfare forms the basis of criterion used to decide on the kind of pollutants to control and the level at which it is regulated. The pollutants considered at that time included sulfur oxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, particulate matter, sulfur oxide and lead. Another section of the act is the 112 section, which directs EPA to set up the limits for the emissions of toxic pollutants. This is more concern as a precaution put in place to mitigate increased mortality or any serious incapacitating illness (Belden, 2001). Hussey Seating Company (Hussey) is an example of a company, which made a deliberate move towards the implementation of the Clean Air act. This implementation served as an effort to improve the working surroundings by cutting down the air emissions from their wood finishing process. In addition, this was a measure adopted in preparation for the imminent Clean Air Act. This company deals in bleacher seating that majorly comprise long, flat and comparatively narrow boards. Initially, polyurethane varnish was used to finish the two coats on both sides. Following a suggestion posed by an employee in 1993, the company decided to undertake a research on the viability of UV cured coating. In 1994, the results of the analysis led to a move that saw the company switch to automated UV coating. Consequently, the emission from the UV covering system became a problem of the past. In the same line, hazardous air pollutant (HAP) and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions were cut down from nearly 50 tons to only 219 pounds yearly.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, Hussey Company replaced the nitrocellulose solvent-based covering for making wood chair back and arms w ith coating from aqueous polyester. This switch to aqueous –based coating worked to reduce the VOC emission to less than two pounds for every gallon. This is a big contrast to the six pounds in every gallon when using nitrocellulose coating (Air Waste Management Association, 1999). Discuss how an organization should or has measured and monitored for compliance with the statute NAAQS are special air quality standards in America that serve to regulate the air quality. These standards are divided into primary NAAQS, which are set at a level that serves to protect the general public health and secondary NAAQs established to guard the environment. The standards units are in microgram per cubic meter or pert per million over a known time. These standards referred to as â€Å"criteria pollutants† measure the six categories of pollutants. Conclusion Organizations monitor the compliance with the Clean Air Act by analyzing the concentration of the criteria pollutants in the wor king environment. This is compared with the threshold or regulated level for one or more National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Following this, the area is classified as nonattainment if it is found to exceed certain level.On the other hand, if the levels are lower than those established by NAAQS it is classified as attainment. Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality (NDEQ) owns the ambient air monitors, which serve to monitor these levels. These monitors are located in the different states across the country. EPA (Belden, 2001) publishes the analyzed results. References Air Waste Management Association. (1999).EM: Air Waste Management Association’s magazine for environmental. London: The Association. Belden, R. (2001).Clean Air Act. New York, NY: American Bar Association, 2001 Lipton, J. (2006).Clean Air Act: Interpretation. Detroit: Nova Publishers. This essay on Labour Regulation in The Clean Air Act was written and submitted by user Zeke Rowe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aristotle Essays (859 words) - Natural Philosophers, Free Essays

Aristotle Essays (859 words) - Natural Philosophers, Free Essays Aristotle Aristotle, Galileo, and Pasteur can be said to have contributed significantly, each in his own way, to the development of The Scientific Method. Discuss. What is the scientific method? In general, this method has three parts, which we might call (1) gathering evidence, (2) making a hypothesis, and (3) testing the hypothesis. As scientific methodology is practiced, all three parts are used together at all stages, and therefore no theory, however rigorously tested, is ever final, but remains at all times tentative, subject to new observation and continued testing by such observation. Hellenic science was built upon the foundations laid by Thales and Pythagoras. It reached its zenith in the works of Aristotle and Archimedes. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) represents the first tradition, that of qualitative forms and teleology. He was, himself, a biologist whose observations of marine organisms were unsurpassed until the 19th century. Biology is essentially teleologicalthe parts of a living organism are understood in terms of what they do in and for the organismand Aristotle's biological works provided the framework for the science until the time of Charles Darwin. Aristotle was able to make a great deal of sense of observed nature by asking of any object or process: what is the material involved, what is its form and how did it get that form, and, most important of all, what is its purpose? What should be noted is that, for Aristotle, all activity that occurred spontaneously was natural. Hence, the proper means of investigation was observation. Experiment, that is, alte ring natural conditions in order to throw light on the hidden properties and activities of objects, was unnatural and could not, therefore, be expected to reveal the essence of things. However, the establishment of the importance of classifying knowledge and of observation as well as the introduction of the deductive method of reasoning can be taken as Aristotles most significant contributions to the scientific method. Even after the intellectual revolutions of centuries to follow, Aristotelian concepts and ideas remained embedded in Western thinking. The critical tradition of science began with Copernicus in the sixteenth century. It eventually led to the work of Galileo (1564-1642), which criticised the very roots of the Aristotelian world system. With the invention of the telescope Galileo, in quick succession, announced that there were mountains on the Moon, satellites circling Jupiter, and spots upon the Sun. Moreover, the Milky Way was composed of countless stars whose existence no one had suspected until Galileo saw them. Galileo attacked the problems of the Earth's rotation and its revolution by logical analysis. Bodies do not fly off the Earth because they are not really revolving rapidly, even though their speed is high. In revolutions per minute, any body on the Earth is going very slowly and, therefore, has little tendency to fly off. Bodies fall to the base of towers from which they are dropped because they share with the tower the rotation of the Earth. Hence, bodies already in motion preserve that motion when another motion is added. So, Galileo deduced, a ball dropped from the top of a mast of a moving ship would fall at the base of the mast. If the ball were allowed to move on a frictionless horizontal plane, it would continue to move forever. Hence, Galileo concluded, the planets, once set in circular motion, continue to move in circles forever. Therefore, Copernican orbits exist. Galileo never acknowledged Kepler's ellipses; to do so would have meant abandoning his solution to the Copernic an problem. Galileo's originality as a scientist lay in his method of inquiry. First he reduced problems to a simple set of terms on the basis of everyday experience and common-sense logic. Then he analyzed and resolved them according to simple mathematical descriptions. The success with which he applied this technique to the analysis of motion opened the way for modern mathematical and experimental physics. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist. His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the germ theory of disease, is one of the most important in medical history. Pasteur's phenomenal contributions to microbiology and medicine can be summarized as follows. First, he championed changes in hospital practices to minimize the spread of disease

How to Write a High-Quality Marketing Term Paper a Complete Guide

How to Write a High-Quality Marketing Term Paper a Complete Guide A term paper is a written assignment you have to complete over a period of one term – it serves as a representation of your academic achievement over this time and accounts for a significant portion of your grade. In other words, it is certainly a kind of academic work you should learn how to do if you want to successfully graduate. The size of a term paper may vary depending on the task and the topic. Normally, a 10-page paper is considered appropriate, but there are no strict limitations (unless they are clearly imposed by the college). If you can write 15 pages, good for you – as long as these 15 pages are full of content and not filler. Likewise, if you are dealing with a narrow topic and manage to tell everything you wanted to tell in 5 pages, don’t try to bloat it up to a certain word count – conciseness is always preferable to wordiness, even if it makes your paper look rather short. Marketing papers are somewhat different from the rest because they are more concerned with the practical side of things and more often deal with case studies, examples from real marketing campaigns, analysis of existing marketing practices and their application in different situations and so on. How to Choose a Topic for Your Marketing Term Paper As you are going to spend an entire term writing this paper, it pays to be prepared and put some thought into what topic you choose. Even if the topic is simply assigned to you by your tutor, it may be a good idea to do a bit of reading on it and, if you find a way to alter it to your advantage, discuss this possibility with your supervisor. Don’t approach the choice of a topic lightly – it is better to spend some time reading up on it than to suddenly realize half a term later that you don’t have enough material to work on. Here are some general principles that will help you choose a better topic: Read the syllabus. Supervisors always prepare detailed guidelines for word count, format, topic selection and other aspects of term paper writing – or at least they should. If you find that some instructions are missing, ask. 9 times out of 10 missing instructions are an oversight rather than an attempt to make you figure something out by yourself. Don’t take things for granted – if you’ve done a term paper before, read the syllabus just as attentively as the first time around. Requirements differ dramatically from class to class and from term to term; Make sure the topic is relevant. It is especially important in case of marketing, because what is considered best practices changes quickly, and a topic or idea may lose its relevance over the course of a few months. However, it doesn’t mean that old case studies won’t do – some of the older promotion campaigns can still give us valuable lessons; Marketing stories surround us at all sides, and promising topics can be found everywhere – you just have to make an effort to look. Newspaper articles and news websites, online marketing resources (Inc. and Forbes often publish high-quality relevant content), your syllabus, relevant journals and magazines – spend some time to skim through recent texts. If all else fails, ask your supervisor for help – you may end up with a less interesting topic this way, but there will certainly be enough sources for it; Generalize or narrow down your topic. Many good term paper ideas are wasted either because students try to encompass too broad topics and end up telling a little about a lot, or because they try to concentrate on too narrow topics and end up not having enough to say. A good rule of a thumb is to say what you must in your first draft and then either trim the fat or generalize to similar or related subjects. Here are some examples of what may constitute a good marketing term paper topic: The Importance of Brand Positioning Exemplified by Nike’s â€Å"Just Do It† Campaign; Cartoon Network 2007 Guerilla Marketing Campaign and the Importance of Due Diligence; The Use of Corporate Social Responsibility to Improve Company’s Equity; Target Corporation’s Statistical Marketing Strategy: Efficiency vs. Ethical Concerns; Incorporation of Standardization by Global Marketing. Pre-Writing Tips Some students rush to start writing immediately after they select a topic, believing that the faster they get something done, the faster they will complete the paper. This is a misconception most of the time you spend working on a marketing term paper should be spent gathering sources and doing research. Writing signifies the end of your work rather than its beginning – you should make notes as you read the sources and interview people, but you should already have a definite picture of the entire paper before you start your first draft. Otherwise, you will most likely have to make extensive corrections many times over. Gathering Sources No academic work exists in isolation, and it is true for marketing as well. You cannot simply take a case study, analyze it and write down your conclusions. Even if your analysis is impeccable and conclusions are innovative, without the support from existing body of literature your paper won’t be accepted by the academic community. So how should you approach hunting for sources? Use both primary (first-hand knowledge, documents, statistics, interviews, experiments, books, articles etc.) and secondary sources (other researchers’ interpretations and explanations of primary sources). You should understand that not all sources are equal – primary ones are more valuable, and you should use them whenever possible, resorting to secondary ones only where it is necessary. When you’ve finished gathering the sources, go over them and see if there are too many secondary ones – if they are too numerous you may want to remove a few or add a few primary sources so that it doesn’t look as if you rely on non-original sources too much; As a rule of a thumb, you should have 1 to 3 sources per page. So, for a 10-page paper you should have at least 10 sources, but closer to 20 for good measure. The more the better, just make sure your paper doesn’t turn into a list of quotations; Diversify your sources. Use a variety of resource types: articles from serious academic publications, mass media, Internet resources, case studies, statistical research, books, essays; Ask for your professor’s help. He has been dealing with this topic for years and knows literature that is worth reading; Look in online indexing and abstract databases like Business Source Complete, Emerald Insight or Factiva. They contain information on an enormous amount of top-notch business and marketing content – just by browsing the titles and abstracts of papers you will be able to understand if this or that topic has a lot of material to explore. Some of these databases require subscriptions but also offer free trial access, so make use of it. Besides, most universities and colleges provide subscriptions to a number of academic databases to their students – find out which ones you can use and don’t hesitate to do so. Market Research In marketing, it is not enough to quote other people’s work. You have to go out and do your own market research. The most common way to do so is to carry out a market survey – i.e., collect information from a sample group of consumers that may be selected either at random or following certain prerequisites. These surveys may be product-, customer- and company-oriented, each concentrating on different aspects of research. Sometimes it may be worth posing a survey as one type but in fact carry out another – this can help you achieve interesting results unobtainable in any other way. Marketing Term Paper Writing Tips from Our Experts Just like any other academic assignment, a marketing term paper has a relatively fixed structure. It can vary from college to college, but usually you will have to deal with the same set of sections: Outline; Introduction; Thesis statement; Body paragraphs (sometimes further subdivided into explanatory and analysis/argument paragraphs); Conclusion. Let’s elaborate on them. Outline Outline is a detailed plan of your paper. Here you specify what you should write in each part of the paper. Pay special attention to introduction and thesis statement – they are short but extremely important as a part of a bigger picture. Body paragraphs can do with simple enumeration of main points to mention lest you forget them and logical connections between paragraphs. Some students omit writing the outline, but it is a mistake – if you have it, you won’t forget a single point and will be able to immediately see if some parts of the paper seem illogical or disconnected. Introduction Marketing is not different from any other academic discipline in this respect – an introduction should catch the reader’s attention and lead him up to your thesis statement. However, you shouldn’t forget that a term paper is a piece of scientific work first and foremost, which means that funny, whimsical and/or quirky introductions are out of the question. However, using a line like â€Å"My term paper is about the importance of logos in creation of brand identity† is also a bad idea. A good middle ground is to refer to an interesting fact related to the topic of your paper that suggests the direction in which you are going to take your argument, e.g., â€Å"In 2010 Gap launched a new logo, trying to follow the trend and look more modern. It lasted for two days before they had to revert to the old one following a massive public backlash†. Thesis Statement Contrary to popular misunderstanding, a thesis statement doesn’t simply repeat the topic of your paper. It is an idea you’ve come to, an assertion you make after doing the research on the topic, a statement of the truth which you try to prove in your paper. It should follow a few basic rules: It must be a statement, not a question (â€Å"Brands are an important part of corporate identity†, not â€Å"Are brands important†?); It should be able to serve as a very short outline of your paper. By reading the outline your reader should be able to get the point you are trying to make – the rest of the paper is just its proof; It should be specific. Be as precise as possible and avoid words like â€Å"certain†, â€Å"some† etc.; It should be written in your own words. Don’t use quotes. Body Paragraphs The most widespread way of writing body paragraphs is as follows: Introduce a new point relevant to the overall topic; Add factual evidence in support of this point; Address potential counter-arguments and explain what may look like inconsistencies in your reasoning; Go over the point one more time in relation to your thesis; Provide a logical connection with the following paragraph. As you may see, normally you should clearly delineate paragraphs so that each deals with an individual point. It makes it easier to both write and read your paper. When writing, follow these principles: Be laconic. The fewer words you use to express an idea, the better. However, don’t try to cut the unnecessary words now – you will have a chance to do it during revision. Simply keep it in mind when you arrange your thoughts; Avoid passive voice. (Write â€Å"Masterson proved this point in his work† rather than â€Å"This point was proved by Masterson†); Don’t use emotional language. Although marketing deals with emotions, you as a specialist should maintain perfect objectivity; Don’t overuse quotations. Although you are supposed to support your writing with existing body of research, your job is to do your own work, not recap what other people have written. Conclusion Usually conclusion is more or less a recap of the introduction: you return to your original point, refer to the evidence you’ve found and discussed in the course of a paper, decide if you’ve managed to prove your point and point out any outstanding issues that may remain. Post-Writing Tips You Can’t Ignore Revision is no less important than writing; probably more so. Unfortunately, many students don’t understand this and get worse grades than they potentially can with proper proofreading and revision. If you want to increase the chances of success for your marketing term paper, follow these suggestions: Finish early. You have an entire term to write, so try to plan your work so that you finish it some time before the deadline (e.g., a week earlier). This will give you plenty of time to correct your mistakes and rewrite passages that are particularly bad; Let it rest. Put your paper aside for a few days before starting to revise it; Don’t try to correct all types of mistakes in one go. It’s better to revise it several times, each time concentrating on a different type of problems; Check the paper for consistency. One of the most common mistakes marketing students make is inconsistency – in terms, in spelling, etc. Usually it concerns abbreviations and acronyms, inconsistent use of hyphens (-), en dashes (–), and em dashes (- ) and spellings of individual words (labor vs. labour, labelling vs. labeling); Change the appearance of your paper. Either print it or temporarily change the font or its size. This will help you notice mistakes that you could have got too used to seeing by now; Check formatting. Consult your supervisor about the format used by your college and carefully study its requirements. If going through an entire style guide is too much for you, try an online guide like Purdue Owl – they present a shorter variant of the same. You can learn to write high-quality marketing term paper through lots and lots of practice – but with the help of this marketing term paper writing guide, you can start out better off than most of your peers.

Philosophy Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy Midterm - Essay Example Deductive reasoning? (a) A deductive argument will claim to support the truth of the conclusion. It takes general facts and uses them to make specific claims. An inductive argument will use reasoning gathered from particular facts to come to the conclusion. (q) What is epistemology? (a) It is the study of the nature of knowledge. It is concerned with how knowledge is acquired and how it is justified. (q) What is Descartes’ cogito argument? (a) Cogito ergo sum—I think therefore I am. The cogito states because we think, we know that we exist, and that is the one thing that we are unable to doubt. (q) Purpose of evil demon? (a) The evil demon as a thought experiment is used to get to the cogito. Because we cannot prove that some evil demon exists that is tricking us into making us think that reality is in some way different than how it actually is, we do no know whether anything beyond ourselves or beyond our minds is actually true. (q) a prioro vs. a posteriori? (a) These are two different ways in which to justify claims. A priori uses reasoning and logical evidence , and a posteriori uses experience and empirical evidence. (q) Paley’s watchmaker argument? (a) Paley’s watchmaker argument is an argument for the proof of the existence of God from design. If we see something such as a watch, which has many intricate parts and which has obviously been designed, then we should be able to identify other objects which have also been designed. Paley states the human eye has many intricate parts that fit together and therefore should be considered to be designed, thus requiring a God-figure to serve as the designer of the eye. (q) Cosmological proof of God’s existence? (a) This argument states that there needed to be an original cause, that matter cannot create itself, that energy cannot create itself, and that there necessarily needs to be an original cause, an original